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Explainers on how computer hardware and processors are organized under the hood.

The memory wall - compute versus memory bandwidth

The Memory Wall: Why the World's Fastest Chips Spend Most of Their Time Waiting

Compute is growing 3x every two years. Memory bandwidth is growing 1.6x. That gap is the memory wall - and every part of it is explained by a second-year computer organization and architecture syllabus: locality, cache mapping, AMAT, pipeline stalls and arithmetic intensity.

Dr Yasas Sri Wickramasinghe

27 Aug 2026 · 13 min read

This Netherlands Company Controls the Entire World's Chip Manufacturing Process

This Netherlands Company Controls the Entire World's Chip Manufacturing Process

ASML Holding's EUV Machine takes the size of a minibus but works with an atomic-level precession. Learn why ASML is so special and why Apple, Samsung and Intel rely on them.

Dr Yasas Sri Wickramasinghe

19 Oct 2022 · 6 min read

Computer Architect’s View on Apple M1 Ultra Chip

Computer Architect’s View on Apple M1 Ultra Chip

This article brings you a detailed review of the Apple M1 Ultra chip, which was included as one of two processor variations available with Apple’s Mac Studio, more focused on the CPU organization, architecture and data flow.

Dr Yasas Sri Wickramasinghe

12 Oct 2022 · 5 min read